Methods and apparatus for increasing the robustness of media signatures

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for determining increasing robustness of media signatures are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a characteristic analyzer to determine a first difference between (A) a first characteristic of an audio signal at a first time and (B) a second characteristic of the audio signal at a second time. The apparatus further includes a characteristic enhancer to compare the first difference to a first threshold; at least one of (A) boost the first characteristic of the audio signal at the first time or (B) attenuate the second characteristic of the audio signal at the second time when the first difference does not satisfy the threshold to create an enhanced audio signal; and determine whether a second difference between a third characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the first time and a fourth characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the second time satisfies the threshold, the third characteristic corresponding to the first characteristic, the fourth characteristic corresponding to the second characteristic.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/341,855, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR INCREASING THEROBUSTNESS OF MEDIA SIGNATURES,” filed on Nov. 2, 2016. Priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/341,855 is claimed. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/341,855 is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to media identification orrecognition, and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus forincreasing the robustness of media signatures.

BACKGROUND

Media monitoring meters are used in homes and other locations todetermine exposure to media (e.g., audio media and/or video media)output by media output devices or media rendering devices. Such mediaoutput devices include televisions, radios, computers, mobile devices,tablets, and/or any other device capable of outputting media. In someexamples, the meter generates a signature (e.g., also referred to as“media fingerprints” or just “fingerprints” in the context of mediamonitoring and/or audience measurement) of the media based on thecharacteristics of an audio, video, and/or image component of the media.In such examples, the meter transmits the signature to the audiencemeasurement entity. The audience measurement entity compares thegenerated signature to stored signatures in a database to identify amatch, thereby identifying and/or recognizing the media. The audiencemeasurement entity monitors media exposure based on a match between thegenerated signature and a stored signature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example signature enhancer forincreasing robustness of media signatures.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the example signature enhancer of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3-4 are flowcharts representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the example signatureenhancer of FIGS. 1 and 2 to increase the robustness of mediasignatures.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a processor platform structured to executethe example machine readable instructions of FIGS. 3 and 4 to controlthe example signature enhancer of FIGS. 1 and 2.

The figures are not to scale. Wherever possible, the same referencenumbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying writtendescription to refer to the same or like parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Media monitoring meters and/or media recognition devices are used by anaudience measurement entity to gather media exposure data (e.g.,exposure to audio, video, or images) from a media output device(s)(e.g., a television, a radio, a computer, etc.). In some examples, themeter may be, or be incorporated into, a device including a wired orwireless connection, microphone, magnetic coupling device, and/or othersensor to gather ambient audio, video, and/or images. In such examples,when the media output device is outputting media, the meter may receivean audio signal and/or capture a video/image signal (e.g., via a cameraand/or sensor) transmitted by the media output device. As furtherdescribed below, the meter may generate signatures based on the media.Alternatively, the meter may intercept the media signal transmitted tothe media output device and generate signatures based on characteristicsof the intercepted media signal. The meter transmits generated querysignatures to the audience measurement entity and the audiencemeasurement entity compares the generated signature to referencesignatures. Reference signatures are known signatures corresponding tomedia that is monitored by the audience measurement entity. When theaudience measurement entity matches the generated signature to areference signature, the audience measurement entity credits thereference media content based on the exposure.

Signature or fingerprint-based media recognition is a technique thatgenerally uses one or more inherent characteristics of the media togenerate a substantially unique proxy for the media. Such a proxy isreferred to as a signature or fingerprint, and can take any form (e.g.,a series of digital values, a waveform, etc.) representative of anyaspect(s) of the media signal(s) (e.g., the audio and/or video signalsforming the media presentation being monitored). A signature may be aseries of signatures collected in series over a timer interval. A goodsignature is repeatable when processing the same media presentation, butis unique relative to other (e.g., different) presentations of other(e.g., different) media. Accordingly, the term “fingerprint” and“signature” are used interchangeably herein and are defined herein tomean a proxy for identifying media that is generated from one or moreinherent characteristics of the media.

Signature-based media monitoring/recognition generally involvesdetermining (e.g., generating and/or collecting) signature(s)representative of a media signal (e.g., an audio signal and/or a videosignal) output by a monitored media device and comparing the monitoredsignature(s) to one or more references signatures corresponding to known(e.g., reference) media sources. Various comparison criteria, such as across-correlation value, a Hamming distance, etc., can be evaluated todetermine whether a monitored signature matches a particular referencesignature. When a match between the monitored signature and somereference signatures is found, the monitored media can be identified ascorresponding to the particular reference media represented by thereference signature that matched the monitored signature. Becauseattributes, such as an identifier of the media, a presentation time, abroadcast channel, etc., are collected for the reference signature,these attributes may then be associated with the monitored media whosemonitored signature matched the reference signature. Example systems foridentifying media based on codes and/or signatures are long known andwere first disclosed in Thomas, U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,294, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

There is a plurality of signaturing algorithms used to identify media.Many signaturing algorithms are based on a comparison of two or morecharacteristics of a media signal. For example, a frequency-based energycomparison signaturing algorithm includes comparing the energies of twodifferent frequency bands of a media signal to generate a bit value. Insuch an example, the bit value b corresponds to a ‘1’ when the energy ofthe first frequency band is greater than the energy of the secondfrequency band, and the bit value corresponds to a ‘0’ when the energyof the first frequency band is lower than the energy of the secondfrequency band (e.g., ΔE=E_(F1)−E_(F2), where a bit value b=0 if ΔE<0and b=1 if ΔE>0). A time-based energy comparison signaturing algorithmincludes comparing the energies of the media signal at different pointsin time to generate a bit value. In such a signaturing algorithm, thebit value is set to ‘1’ when the energy of the media signal at a firsttime is higher than the energy of the media signal at a second time andthe bit value corresponds to a ‘0’ when the energy of the media signalat the first time is lower than the energy of the media signal at thesecond time (e.g., ΔE=E(t)−E(t−Δt), where a bit value b=0 if ΔE<0 andb=1 if ΔE>0). A discrete cosine transform (DCT) signaturing algorithmincludes comparing DCT coefficients of a media signal. In such asignaturing algorithm, the bit value is set ‘1’ when a first DCTcoefficient of the media signal is higher than a second DCT coefficientof the media signal and the bit value corresponds to a ‘0’ when thefirst DCT coefficient of the media signal is lower than the second DCTcoefficient of the media signal. A time-interval signaturing algorithmincludes determining a time interval between certain characteristics,such as spectrogram peaks, in the media signal and generating a bitvalue based on the time interval. Additionally, there is a vastplurality of other signaturing algorithms that exploit othercharacteristics and transformations of a media signal, such asauto-correlation, Hilbert transform, time-frequency planerepresentation, etc.

Examples disclosed herein preprocess a media signal to enhance thecharacteristics of the media signal based on a particular signaturingalgorithm prior to outputting the media to a media output device. Asdescribed above, many signature techniques generate a code (e.g., abinary code) representative of multiple comparisons of two differentcharacteristics of the media signal. For example, as described above,the frequency-based energy comparison signaturing algorithm is based ona comparison of energies of a block of audio of the media signal at twodifferent frequency bands (e.g., ΔE=E_(F1)−E_(F2), where a bit value b=0if ΔE<0 and b=1 if ΔE>0). However, the media signal is subject to noisethat may increase and/or decrease the energies of two frequency bands.When the noise increases and/or decreases the energies of frequencybands, the bit value may inadvertently change values (e.g., from b=0 tob=1 or vice versa). Examples disclosed herein alleviate the effect ofnoise by preprocessing the media signal to enhance the media signal andincrease the difference corresponding to the comparison. For example,using the above signaturing algorithm, examples disclosed hereindetermine if a comparison of energies at two frequency bands results ina difference less than a threshold (e.g., |E_(F1)−E_(f2)|<1). If thecomparison of the energies of the two frequency bands results in adifference less than the threshold (e.g., if E_(F1)=3.2 and E_(F2)=2.5,then |E_(F1)−E_(f2)|=0.3 which is less than the threshold), examplesdisclosed herein enhance the comparison by increasing the energy of thefrequency band with the higher energy (e.g., increase E_(F1) from 3.5 tohigher energy) and/or decreasing the energy of the frequency band withthe lower energy (e.g., increase E_(F2) from 3.2 to some lower energy),e.g., possibly within the limits established by psychoacoustic maskingproperties, to increase the energy difference between the two frequencybands to satisfy the threshold, thereby increasing ΔE. In this manner,even if noise changes the energies of the two frequency bands ofmonitored or recognized media, the probability of change of the actualbit values (e.g., ΔE changing from positive to negative or vice versa)is minimized. Thus, the probability that a meter or other mediarecognizing device will match a captured signature to a correspondingreference signature substantially increases. Additionally oralternatively, examples disclosed herein may adjust any characteristicof media based on any signaturing algorithm.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example environment 100 including an examplesignature enhancer 101 for preprocessing an example media signal 102 toincrease the robustness of generated signatures of the example mediasignal 102. The example environment 100 includes the example the examplesignature enhancer 101, the example media signal 102, an exampleenhanced media signal 104, an example media output device 106, and anexample meter 108.

The example signature enhancer 101 preprocesses the media signal 102 togenerate the enhanced media signal 104. In some examples, the examplesignature enhancer 101 is located at a remote site and/or a remoteserver and preprocesses the media signal 102 off site. In some examples,the example signature enhancer 101 is located in the vicinity of theexample media output device 106. For example, the signature enhancer 101may be a device that receives the media signal 102 via a communicationnetwork (e.g., a cable network, a telephonic network, a networkcommunications network, etc.) and locally enhances the media signal 102prior to transmitting to the example media output device 106.Alternatively, the example signature enhancer 101 may be coupled to,embedded in, or otherwise connected to media signal receiving device(e.g. a set-top box, an over-the-top device, a gaming console, anantenna, a computer, a network communication device, a media player, atablet, the example media output device 106, and/or any device that iscapable of receiving a media signal). The example signature enhancer 101enhances characteristics of the example media signal 102 based on aselected signaturing algorithm to increase the robustness of mediasignatures corresponding to the example media signal 102, as furtherdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 2. The example signature enhancer 101transmits the example enhanced media signal 104 (e.g., the example mediasignal 102 after being enhanced) to the example media output device 106.

The example media output device 106 is a device that outputs media(e.g., including the example enhanced media signal 104). Although theexample media output device 106 of FIG. 1 is illustrated as atelevision, the example media output device may be a radio, an MP3player, a video game counsel, a stereo system, a mobile device, acomputing device, a tablet, a laptop, a projector, a DVD player, aset-top-box, an over-the-top device, and/or any device capable ofoutputting media. The example media output device 106 may include and/ormay be coupled to a display to output images and/or video. Additionally,the example media output device 106 may include speakers and/or may becoupled, or otherwise connected to portable speakers that output anaudio portion of the example enhanced media signal 104.

The example meter 108 is a device that monitors exposure to media and/orotherwise recognizes the media, including media output by the examplemedia output device 106. In some examples, the example meter 108 is adevice including a microphone and/or magnetic coupling device to gatherambient audio. In some examples, the meter 108 is embedded in orotherwise connected to a device that includes a microphone and/ormagnetite coupling device. In some examples, the meter 108 is embeddedin the example media output device 106. In some examples, the meter 108includes, or is connected to, a camera and/or sensor to gather theenhanced media signal 104 output by the example media output device 106.The example meter 108 may be a media monitoring device, a mediarecognizing device, a mobile device, a computer, a personal digitalassistance, and/or any device capable of gathering ambient audio. Theexample meter 108 generate signatures of the enhanced media signal 104output by the example media output device 106 to identify the media.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example implementation of the examplesignature enhancer 101 of FIG. 1, disclosed herein, to increase therobustness of media signatures by enhancing the example media signal102. While the example signature enhancer 101 is described inconjunction with the example media signal 102 and media output device106 of FIG. 1, the example signature enhancer 101 may be utilized tooptimize placement of any type of media signal output by any type ofmedia device. The example signature enhancer 101 receives the examplemedia signal 102 and outputs the example enhanced media signal 104 ofFIG. 1. The example signature enhancer 101 includes an example mediasignal receiver 200, an example signature settings determiner 202, anexample signal transformer 204, an example characteristic analyzer 206,an example characteristics enhancer 208, and an example enhanced mediasignal transmitter 210.

The example media signal receiver 200 receives the example media signal102. The media signal 102 is a signal corresponding to media that willbe output by the example media output device 106 (FIG. 1). The examplemedia signal 102 may be an audio signal, a video signal, and/or an imagesignal. The example media signal 102 may be originated from a mediaproducer and/or a media distributer. As described above, the mediasignal includes intrinsic characteristics that may be analyzed togenerate a signature. The generated signature may be compared to adatabase of reference signatures to determine exposure to the media.

The example signature settings determiner 202 selects a signaturingalgorithm from a plurality of signaturing algorithms as the basis for anenhancement. As described above, there is a plurality of ways togenerate a signature (e.g., a plurality of signaturing algorithms) froma media signal (e.g., comparing energy of different frequencies,comparing energies at different point in time, comparing DCTcoefficients, etc.). How the example media signal 102 is enhanceddepends on how the example meter 110 will generate a signature of themedia signal 102. In order to enhance the media signal 102 properly, thesignaturing algorithm should match the signaturing algorithm of theexample meter 110. However, there may be other meters corresponding todifferent signaturing algorithms. Accordingly, the signature settingsdeterminer 202 may select one or more signaturing algorithms as thebasis for the enhancing. In some example, the signature settingsdeterminer 202 determines the one or more signaturing algorithm based onuser and/or manufacture settings. In some examples, the signaturesettings determiner 202 determines the one or more signaturing algorithmbased on the example media signal 102. For example, when the examplemedia signal 102 may dynamically select a signature signal based onwhether the media signal 102 is an audio signal, a video signal, animage signal, etc. In some examples, the signature settings determiner202 selects different signaturing algorithms at different points intime. The signature settings may be adjusted at any point in time toallow the signature settings determiner 202 to change the selectedsignaturing algorithm.

The example signal transformer 204 transforms the received media signal102 into the frequency domain (e.g., determining the frequency spectrum)when the signaturing algorithm is based on the frequency domain. Forexample, the signal transformer 204 may perform a Fourier transform onthe media signal 102 to transform the media signal 102 into thefrequency domain. As described above, some signaturing algorithms arebased on comparisons of the characteristics of different frequency bandsof the frequency spectrum. Accordingly, the example signal transformer204 may transform the example media signal 102 so that the examplesignature enhancer 101 may (A) determine when a comparison ofcharacteristics will not satisfy a comparison threshold and (B) when thecomparison of characteristics does not satisfy the comparison threshold,enhance the one of more of the characteristics to satisfy the comparisonthreshold, as further described below. In some examples, one the examplemedia signal 102 has been enhanced in the frequency domain, the examplesignal transformer 204 transforms the enhanced media signal back intothe time domain prior to being transmitted by the example enhanced mediatransmitter 210.

The example characteristic analyzer 206 analyzes (e.g., compares) thecharacteristics of the media signal 102 based on the selectedsignaturing algorithm. For example, if the signaturing algorithm isbased on the differences between the energies of neighboring frequencybands (e.g., ΔE_(1,2)=E_(F1)−E_(F2), where a bit value b=0 if ΔE_(1,2)<0and b=1 if ΔE_(1,2)>0), then the example characteristic analyzer 206will compute all of the differences (e.g., ΔE_(1,2), ΔE_(3,4), . . . ,ΔE_(N−1,N)) in a manner consistent with the selected algorithm. Inanother example, if the signaturing algorithm is based on differencesbetween magnitudes DCT values of a video or image (e.g.,ΔDCT_(1,2)=DCT₁−DCT₂, where a bit value b=0 if ΔDCT_(1,2)<0 and b=1 ifΔDCT_(1,2)>0), then the example characteristic analyzer 206 will computeall of the differences (e.g., ΔDCT_(1,2), ΔDCT_(3,4), . . . ,ΔDCT_(N−1,N)) in a manner consistent with the selected algorithm.Additionally or alternatively, the example characteristic analyzer 206may analyze the characteristics of the media signal 102 based on anytype of selected signaturing algorithm (e.g., based on a comparisonand/or ratio of characteristics of a media signal, a peak detectioncomparison on pseudo-energy curves, etc.). Once the example analyzer 206analyzes the comparisons of the media signal 102 based on the selectedsignaturing algorithm, the example analyzer 206 determines which of thecomparisons do not satisfy a comparison threshold (e.g., by flagging thecomparisons that do not satisfy the comparison threshold). For example,if the frequency algorithm is based on the energy of the example mediasignal 102 across time (e.g., ΔE₁=E(T₁+ΔT)−E(T₁), where a bit value(b)=0 if ΔE₁<0 and b=1 if ΔE₁>0) and the comparison threshold is 1, thenthe characteristic analyzer 206 may flag any comparison whose absolutevalue is less than 1 (e.g., |E(T+ΔT)−E(T)|<1). Each signaturingalgorithm may correspond to a different comparison threshold due to thevariance of noise for a particular signaturing algorithm. In someexamples, where the signature settings determiner 202 identified morethan one signaturing algorithm, the example characteristic analyzer 206may analyze the media signal 102 in different ways using the two or moresignaturing algorithms.

The example characteristics enhancer 208 enhances the example mediasignal 102 by boosting and/or attenuating characteristics of the mediasignal 102 based on the selected signaturing algorithm and the flaggedcomparisons (e.g., the comparisons that don't satisfy the thresholdcomparison value). In some examples, the characteristics enhancer 208boosts the characteristic of a flagged comparison corresponding to thestronger (e.g., higher) characteristic. Additionally or alternatively,the characteristics enhancer 208 may decrease (e.g., attenuate) thecharacteristic of the flagged comparison corresponding to the weaker(e.g., lower) characteristic. For example, in a frequency-based energycomparison signaturing algorithm, where the energy of a first frequencyband is 3.3, the energy of a second frequency band is 3.0, and thethreshold comparison is 1 (e.g., |E_(F1)−E_(f2)|=0.3, which is less thanthe threshold), the example characteristics enhancer 208 may boost theenergy of the first frequency (E_(F1)) and/or decrease the energy of thesecond frequency (E_(F2)) to satisfy the comparison threshold. In someexamples, the characteristics enhancer 208 boosts and/or decreasescharacteristics of the example media signal 102 according topsychoacoustic masking properties. For example, the characteristicsenhancer 208 may not boost and/or attenuate a characteristic above/belowa particular level to ensure that the quality of the media signal doesnot deteriorate in a manner that may be identified by the human eye/ear.Additionally, there may be other limits to the amount boosting and/ordecreasing of the characteristics of the media signal 102 based on othermedia signal requirements. In some examples, the characteristicsenhancer 208 may determine which characteristics to boost and/ordecrease based on subsequent comparisons. For example, if boosting anenergy of a first frequency of the media signal 102 at a first timesatisfies the comparison threshold at the first time, however suchboosting of the energy of the first frequency at a second subsequenttime does not satisfy the comparison threshold at the second time, theexample characteristics enhancer 208 may decrease a second frequency ofthe media signal 102 at the first time to satisfy the comparisonthreshold at the first time. Once the example characteristics enhancer208 enhances the example media signal 102, the example enhanced mediasignal transmitter 210 transmits the example enhanced media signal 104to the example media output device 106 of FIG. 1.

While example manners of implementing the example signature enhancer 101of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2, elements, processes and/or devicesillustrated in FIG. 2 may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted,eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the examplemedia signal receive 200, the example signature settings determiner 202,the example signal transformer 204, the example characteristics analyzer206, the example characteristics enhancer 208, the example enhancedmedia signal transmitter 210, and/or, more generally, the examplesignature enhancer 101 of FIG. 2, may be implemented by hardware,machine readable instructions, software, firmware and/or any combinationof hardware, machine readable instructions, software and/or firmware.Thus, for example, any of the example media signal receive 200, theexample signature settings determiner 202, the example signaltransformer 204, the example characteristics analyzer 206, the examplecharacteristics enhancer 208, the example enhanced media signaltransmitter 210, and/or, more generally, the example signature enhancer101 of FIG. 2 could be implemented by analog and/or digital circuit(s),logic circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specificintegrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s))and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)). When reading any ofthe apparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely softwareand/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example media signalreceive 200, the example signature settings determiner 202, the examplesignal transformer 204, the example characteristics analyzer 206, theexample characteristics enhancer 208, the example enhanced media signaltransmitter 210, and/or, more generally, the example signature enhancer101 of FIG. 2 is/are hereby expressly defined to include a tangiblecomputer readable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, adigital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc.storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the examplesignature enhancer 101 of FIG. 2 includes elements, processes and/ordevices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIGS. 3 and4, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustratedelements, processes and devices.

A flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions forimplementing the example signature enhancer 101 of FIG. 1 is shown inFIGS. 3 and 4. In the examples, the machine readable instructionscomprise a program for execution by a processor such as the processor512 shown in the example processor platform 500 discussed below inconnection with FIG. 5. The program may be embodied in machine readableinstructions stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium suchas a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk(DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 512,but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively beexecuted by a device other than the processor 512 and/or embodied infirmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program isdescribed with reference to the flowchart illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4,many other methods of implementing the example signature enhancer 101 ofFIGS. 1 and 2 may alternatively be used. For example, the order ofexecution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocksdescribed may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 3 and 4 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory(ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, arandom-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storagedisk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extendedtime periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarilybuffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, theterm tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined toinclude any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage diskand to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. Asused herein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangiblemachine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably. Additionallyor alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 3 and 4 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/ormachine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, aread-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, arandom-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk inwhich information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended timeperiods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering,and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the termnon-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to includeany type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and toexclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. As usedherein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in apreamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term“comprising” is open ended.

FIG. 3 is an example flowchart 300 representative of example machinereadable instructions that may be executed by the example signatureenhancer 101 of FIGS. 1 and 2 to increase the robustness of signaturescorresponding to the example media signal 102 of FIGS. 1 and 2. Althoughthe instructions of FIG. 3 are described in conjunction with the examplesignature enhancer 101 of FIGS. 1 and 2, the example instructions may beutilized by any type of signature enhancer.

At block 301, the example media signal receiver 200 receives the examplemedia signal 102. As described above in conjunction with FIG. 2, theexample media signal 102 is a signal corresponding to audio, video,and/or an image to be output by the example media output device 106. Themedia signal 102 includes unique characteristics that may be used toidentify the media signal by generating a signature of the example mediasignal 102 and comparing the generated signature to a referencesignature.

At block 302, the example signature settings determiner 202 selects asignaturing algorithm from a plurality of signaturing algorithms. Asdescribed above in conjunction with FIG. 2, the selection of thesignaturing algorithm may be based on the media signal 102, the meter108, settings and/or preferences of a user and/or manufacturer of theexample signature enhancer 101, etc. At block 304, the examplecharacteristics analyzer 206 determines which characteristics areevaluated by the selected signaturing algorithm. For example, thesignaturing algorithm may include a comparison of energy levels in thetime domain, energy levels in the frequency domain, peak values in thefrequency domain, DCT coefficients, and/or any other comparison ofcharacteristics of any type of media signal. At block 306, the examplecharacteristic analyzer 206 identifies a comparison threshold for thesignaturing algorithm. As described above in conjunction with FIG. 2,each signaturing algorithm may correspond to a different comparisonthreshold based on variance of noise that may affect thecharacteristics.

At block 308, the example the example signal transformer 204 determinesif the selected signaturing algorithm corresponds to the frequencydomain. For example, if the signaturing algorithm includes comparingcharacteristics associated with the frequency spectrum, then thesignaturing algorithm corresponds to the frequency domain. If theexample signal transformer 204 determines that the selected signaturingalgorithm corresponds to the frequency domain (block 308), then theexample signal transformer 204 transforms the media signal 102 into thefrequency domain (block 310). In some examples, the signal transformer204 transforms the media signal 102 into the frequency domain using aFourier transform.

At block 312, the example characteristic analyzer 206 analyzescomparisons of characteristics of the example media signal 102 based onthe selected signaturing algorithm. For example, if the selectedsignaturing algorithm is based on a comparison (e.g., a difference)between DCT values of a video signal, then the example characteristicanalyzer 206 computes the differences between DCT values of the videosignal that would be utilized to generate a signature. In other words,the example characteristic analyzer 206 analyzes the media signal 102based on performing the selected signaturing algorithm on the receivedmedia signal 102 to identify the differences. At block 314, the examplecharacteristic analyzer 206 determines if all comparisons associatedwith the selected signaturing algorithm satisfy the identifiedcomparison threshold. In some examples, the example characteristicanalyzer 206 flags each comparison that does not satisfy the identifiedcomparison threshold. If the example characteristic analyzer 206determines that all of the comparisons satisfy the comparison threshold(block 314), the example enhanced signal transmitter 210 outputs theexample media signal 102 (block 316), because the example media signal102 does not need to be enhanced. If the example characteristic analyzer206 determines that all of the comparisons do not satisfy the comparisonthreshold (block 314), the example characteristics enhancer 208 enhancesthe media signal 102 to satisfy the comparison threshold (block 320), asfurther described in conjunction with FIG. 4. At block 322, the exampleenhancer media signal transmitter 210 outputs the example enhanced mediasignal 104 to the example media output device 106 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an example flowchart 320 representative of example machinereadable instructions that may be executed to implement the examplesignature enhancer 101 of FIGS. 1 and 2 to enhance the example mediasignal 102 to satisfy the selected comparison threshold, as describedabove in conjunction with block 320 of FIG. 3. Although the exampleflowchart 320 is based on a signaturing algorithm corresponding to acomparison of a larger characteristic and a smaller characteristic of amedia signal, the example flowchart 320 may be utilized for any type ofsignaturing algorithm comparing any number of characteristics. Thelarger characteristic corresponds to the characteristic with the largervalue in the comparison and the smaller characteristic corresponds tothe characteristic with the smaller value in the comparison. Forexample, in a frequency-based energy comparison signaturing algorithm,if E_(F1) is 3.2 and E_(F2) is 3.5, E_(F1) is the smaller characteristicand E_(F2) is the larger characteristic.

At block 400, the example characteristics enhancer 208 identifies acomparison that does not satisfy a comparison threshold (e.g., a firstcomparison flagged by the example characteristic analyzer 206). In theillustrated example of FIG. 4, the comparison is a comparison of alarger characteristic and a smaller characteristic of the media signal102. Alternatively, any number of characteristics may be compared in anysignaturing algorithm. Here, the larger characteristic is the stronger(e.g., higher) characteristic and the smaller characteristic is theweaker (e.g., lower) characteristic.

At block 402, the example characteristics enhancer 208 determines ifboosting a larger characteristic of the comparison will create audibledistortion and/or violate media signal requirements. If the examplecharacteristics enhancer 208 determines that boosting the largercharacteristic of the comparison will create audible distortion and/orviolate media signal requirements, the process will continue to block410. If the example characteristics enhancer 208 determines thatboosting the larger characteristic of the comparison will not createaudible distortion and/or will not violate media signal requirements,the example characteristics enhancer 208 will determine if boosting thelarger characteristic will negatively affect a subsequent comparison(block 404). As described above in conjunction with FIG. 2, boosting acharacteristic at a first time may negatively affect a subsequentcomparison by decreasing the difference of the subsequent comparisonsuch that the subsequent comparison no longer satisfies the comparisonthreshold.

If the example characteristics enhancer 208 determines that boosting thelarger characteristic will negatively affect a subsequent comparison(block 404), the process continues to block 410. If the examplecharacteristics enhancer 208 determines that boosting the largercharacteristic will not negatively affect a subsequent comparison (block404), the example characteristics enhancer 208 will boost the largercharacteristic (block 406). The example characteristics enhancer 208boosts the larger characteristic such that the boost will not createaudible distortion, violate media signal requirements, and/or willnegatively affect subsequent comparison. For example, if boosting thelarger characteristic will create audible distortion at 3.2 J, theexample characteristic enhancer 208 may boost the larger characteristicto 3.1 J.

At block 408, the example characteristic enhancer 208 determiners if,after boosting the larger characteristic, the comparison (e.g., thecomparison of the larger characteristic and the smaller characteristic)satisfies the comparison threshold. Because the boosting of the largercharacteristic is limited by audible distortion, media signalrequirements, and/or subsequent comparisons, boosting the largercharacteristic may or may not satisfy the comparison threshold. Forexample, in a frequency-based energy comparison signaturing algorithmwhere the energy of the larger characteristic is 2.9 and the energy ofthe smaller characteristic is 2.7, the larger characteristic may beboosted to 3.1. However, if the threshold comparison is 1, thecomparison threshold will still not be satisfied after the largercharacteristic is boosted (e.g.,|E_(F1)−E_(f2)|=3.1−2.7=0.4<1).Accordingly, the smaller characteristic may also need to be decreased tosatisfy the comparison threshold.

If the example characteristic enhancer 208 determines that thecomparison satisfies the comparison threshold (block 408), the processcontinues to block 416. If the example characteristic enhancer 208determines that the comparison does not satisfy the comparison threshold(block 408), the example characteristic enhancer 208 determines ifattenuating (e.g., decreasing) the smaller characteristic of thecomparison will create audible distortion and/or violate media signalrequirements (block 410). If the example characteristics enhancer 208determines that attenuating the smaller characteristic of the comparisonwill create audible distortion and/or violate media signal requirements(block 410), the process will continue to block 416. If the examplecharacteristics enhancer 208 determines that attenuating the smallercharacteristic of the comparison will not create audible distortionand/or will not violate media signal requirements (block 410), theexample characteristics enhancer 208 will determine if attenuating thesmaller characteristic will negatively affect a subsequent comparison(block 412).

If the example characteristics enhancer 208 determines that attenuatingthe smaller characteristic will negatively affect a subsequentcomparison (block 412), the process continues to block 416. If theexample characteristics enhancer 208 determines that attenuating thesmaller characteristic will not negatively affect a subsequentcomparison (block 412), the example characteristics enhancer 208 willattenuate (e.g., decrease) the smaller characteristic (block 414). Theexample characteristics enhancer 208 attenuates the smallercharacteristic such that the attenuation will not create audibledistortion, violate media signal requirements, and/or will negativelyaffect subsequent comparison.

At block 416, the example characteristics enhancer 208 determines ifthere is a subsequent comparison that does not satisfy a comparisonthreshold (e.g., a second comparison of two different characteristics ora second comparison with one of the first or smaller characteristic withan additional characteristic). If the example characteristics enhancer208 determines that there is a subsequent comparison that does notsatisfy the comparison threshold (block 416), the examplecharacteristics enhancer 208 returns to block 402 to enhance one or morecharacteristics of the subsequent comparison.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 500 capableof executing the instructions of FIG. 3 to implement the examplesignature enhancer 101 of FIGS. 1 and 2. The processor platform 500 canbe, for example, a server, a personal computer, a mobile device (e.g., acell phone, a smart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a personaldigital assistant (PDA), an Internet appliance, or any other type ofcomputing device.

The processor platform 500 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 512. The processor 512 of the illustrated example is hardware.For example, the processor 512 can be implemented by integratedcircuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllers from anydesired family or manufacturer.

The processor 512 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 513(e.g., a cache). The example processor 512 of FIG. 5 executes theinstructions of FIG. 3 to implement the example media signal receive200, the example signature settings determiner 202, the example signaltransformer 204, the example characteristics analyzer 206, the examplecharacteristics enhancer 208, and/or the example enhanced media signaltransmitter 210 of FIG. 2 to implement the example signature enhancer101. The processor 512 of the illustrated example is in communicationwith a main memory including a volatile memory 514 and a non-volatilememory 516 via a bus 518. The volatile memory 514 may be implemented bySynchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random AccessMemory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or anyother type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 516may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type ofmemory device. Access to the main memory 514, 516 is controlled by aclock controller.

The processor platform 500 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 520. The interface circuit 520 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 522 are connectedto the interface circuit 520. The input device(s) 522 permit(s) a userto enter data and commands into the processor 512. The input device(s)can be implemented by, for example, a sensor, a microphone, a camera(still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, atrack-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 524 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 520 of the illustrated example. The output devices 524 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emittingdiode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystaldisplay, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactileoutput device, and/or speakers). The interface circuit 520 of theillustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, agraphics driver chip or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 520 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data withexternal machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network526 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), atelephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 500 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 528 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 528 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAIDsystems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.

The coded instructions 532 of FIGS. 3 and 4 may be stored in the massstorage device 528, in the volatile memory 514, in the non-volatilememory 516, and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a CD or DVD.

From the foregoing, it would be appreciated that the above disclosedmethod, apparatus, and articles of manufacture increase the robustnessof media signatures. Meters, or other media recognizing devices,intercept ambient audio, capture images, and/or intercept media signalsto generate signatures based on characteristics of the ambient audio,captured image, and/or media signal to identify exposure to media.However, because media signals are subject to noise, the generatedsignatures may be inaccurate. Examples disclosed herein alleviate suchsignature-based problems related to noise by preprocessing a mediasignal to enhance the characteristics of the media signal.

Examples disclosed herein include determining where the signaturingalgorithm is subject to inaccuracies. For example, when the signaturingalgorithm is based on a difference between a first characteristic and asecond characteristic, examples disclosed herein determines whichdifferences are below a comparison threshold. Examples disclosed hereinenhance at least one of the first or second characteristics to increasethe difference, thereby decreasing the inaccuracies related togenerating the signature. Examples disclosed herein may enhance themedia signal by boosting the first characteristic and/or decreasing thesecond characteristic. Using examples disclosed herein, the robustnessof media signatures is significantly increased, thereby increasingsignature recovery accuracy.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacturehave been described herein, other implementations are possible. Thescope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On thecontrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles ofmanufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of thispatent.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus to enhance characteristics of anaudio signal, the apparatus comprising: a characteristic analyzer todetermine a first difference between (A) a first characteristic of anaudio signal at a first time and (B) a second characteristic of theaudio signal at a second time; and a characteristic enhancer to: comparethe first difference to a first threshold; at least one of (A) boost thefirst characteristic of the audio signal at the first time or (B)attenuate the second characteristic of the audio signal at the secondtime when the first difference does not satisfy the threshold to createan enhanced audio signal; and determine whether a second differencebetween a third characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the firsttime and a fourth characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at thesecond time satisfies the threshold, the third characteristiccorresponding to the first characteristic, the fourth characteristiccorresponding to the second characteristic.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1,further including a transmitter to transmit the enhanced audio signal toa media output device.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the firsttime is the second time.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecharacteristic enhancer is to provide the enhanced audio signal to anoutput of a media output device.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first characteristic of the audio signal is at least one of a firstenergy of a first frequency band of the audio signal at the first time,a first energy of the audio signal at the first time, a first discretecosine transform coefficient, or a first peak frequency at the firsttime; and the second characteristic of the audio signal is at least oneof a second energy of a second frequency band of the audio signal at thesecond time, a second energy of the audio signal at the second time, asecond discrete cosine transform coefficient, or a second peak frequencyat the second time.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecharacteristic enhancer is to limit adjustment of at least one of thefirst characteristic or the second characteristic to avoid at least oneof audible distortion, violation of media requirements, or a negativeeffect on a subsequent comparison.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe characteristic analyzer is to determine the first characteristic ofthe audio signal at the first time and the second characteristic of theaudio signal at the second time based on a signature algorithm.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, further including a signature settings determinerto select the signature algorithm from a plurality of signaturealgorithms.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the characteristicenhancer is to at least one of (A) boost the first characteristic of theaudio signal at the first time or (B) attenuate the secondcharacteristic of the audio signal at the second time to increase thesecond difference between the third characteristic of the enhanced audiosignal at the first time and the fourth characteristic of the enhancedaudio signal at the second time.
 10. A non-transitory computer readablestorage medium comprising instructions which, when executed, cause amachine to at least: determine a first difference between (A) a firstcharacteristic of an audio signal at a first time and (B) a secondcharacteristic of the audio signal at a second time; compare the firstdifference to a first threshold; at least one of (A) boost the firstcharacteristic of the audio signal at the first time or (B) attenuatethe second characteristic of the audio signal at the second time whenthe first difference does not satisfy the threshold to create anenhanced audio signal; and determine whether a second difference betweena third characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the first timeand a fourth characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the secondtime satisfies the threshold, the third characteristic corresponding tothe first characteristic, the fourth characteristic corresponding to thesecond characteristic.
 11. The computer readable storage medium of claim10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to transmit the enhancedaudio signal to a media output device.
 12. The computer readable storagemedium of claim 10, wherein the first time is the second time.
 13. Thecomputer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the instructionscause the machine to provide the enhanced audio signal to an output of amedia output device.
 14. The computer readable storage medium of claim10, wherein: the first characteristic of the audio signal is at leastone of a first energy of a first frequency band of the audio signal atthe first time, a first energy of the audio signal at the first time, afirst discrete cosine transform coefficient, or a first peak frequencyat the first time; and the second characteristic of the audio signal isat least one of a second energy of a second frequency band of the audiosignal at the second time, a second energy of the audio signal at thesecond time, a second discrete cosine transform coefficient, or a secondpeak frequency at the second time.
 15. The computer readable storagemedium of claim 10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to limitadjustment of at least one of the first characteristic or the secondcharacteristic to avoid at least one of audible distortion, violation ofmedia requirements, or a negative effect on a subsequent comparison. 16.The computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein theinstructions cause the machine to determine the first characteristic ofthe audio signal at the first time and the second characteristic of theaudio signal at the second time based on a signature algorithm.
 17. Thecomputer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the instructionscause the machine to select the signature algorithm from a plurality ofsignature algorithms.
 18. The computer readable storage medium of claim10, wherein the instructions cause the machine to at least one of (A)boost the first characteristic of the audio signal at the first time or(B) attenuate the second characteristic of the audio signal at thesecond time to increase the second difference between the thirdcharacteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the first time and thefourth characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the second time.19. An method to enhance characteristics of an audio signal, the methodcomprising: determining a first difference between (A) a firstcharacteristic of an audio signal at a first time and (B) a secondcharacteristic of the audio signal at a second time; comparing, byexecuting an instruction with a processor the first difference to afirst threshold; at least one of (A) boosting, by executing aninstruction with the processor, the first characteristic of the audiosignal at the first time or (B) attenuating, by executing an instructionwithe the processor the second characteristic of the audio signal at thesecond time when the first difference does not satisfy the threshold tocreate an enhanced audio signal; and determining, by executing aninstruction with the processor, whether a second difference between athird characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the first time anda fourth characteristic of the enhanced audio signal at the second timesatisfies the threshold, the third characteristic corresponding to thefirst characteristic, the fourth characteristic corresponding to thesecond characteristic.
 20. The method of claim 19, further includingtransmitting the enhanced audio signal to a media output device.